1、1994年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) \"In short\" , a leader of the new school contends, \"the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \"
(73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom
of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
精美译文
新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。
（73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。
鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。
联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75）政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
题目解析：
(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
结构分析：
宾语从句的主句Science // moves forward, // 主句 插入结构they say, // 并列结构1 not so much 原因状语结构through // 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius // 并列结构2 as 原因状语结构because of // more ordinary things // 举例like / improved techniques and tool. 词义推敲：
move forward：向前发展。
they say：间接引语作插入结构——前置。
they：指代the new school of scientists
技巧：单复数对应：according to – say
not so much... as... 是as … as … （和……一样多）的否定形式，理解为：“与其……倒不如……”。
through因为
技巧：not so much... as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。
the insights / of great men / of genius：天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。
insights：the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力；心智的敏锐——真知灼见，远见卓识
genius：天才
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词
more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
like：such as
参考译文：
新学派科学家们说，科学之所以发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
得分重点：
插入结构，并列结构，原因状语结构
(72)、 \"In short\" , a leader of the new school contends, \"the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \" 结构分析：
直接引语作宾语从句 介词短语作状语“In short,” // 主句a leader / of the new school // contends, // “直接引语中的主语the scientific revolution, // 插入结构as we call it, 直接引语中的谓语// was largely // 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments // 定语从句 主语that // 谓语expanded // the reach / of science // 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”
词义推敲：
in short 简而言之
a leader of the new school contends：新学派的一位领导人物说/认为
school学派。
contend：to maintain or assert 主张或声称
the scientific revolution：科学革命
revolution：A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变
as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的
largely：for the most part; mainly 大部分地；主要地
the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。
a series of一系列
expand扩大，张开
reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域
参考译文：
“简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而（这些改进、发明和使用 / 这）（使科学发展的范围无所不及 / 使科学发展无所不及 / 在无数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”
得分重点：
插入结构，定语从句，方式状语
(73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
结构分析：
73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, // 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves // 后置定语as / 多重定语a source of / fundamental innovation 谓语 // 被动结构have largely been ignored // 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science.
词义推敲：
over the years 多年来
a source of fundamental innovation：根本革新的源泉
fundamental：of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 基础的基础或基本的或与此有关的；根本的
innovation：the act of introducing something new 革新介绍新东西的行为
tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ... 很大程度上被忽视
philosophers of science 科学思想家们
参考译文：
多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
得分重点：
反身代词，被动结构
(74)、 Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
结构分析：
74) 主句 专有名词Galileo's greatest glory // was // 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 // 从句主句he // was // the first person // 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens // 目的状语to prove // 宾语从句that 并列结构1 主语the planets // 谓语revolve // around the sun // rather than 并列结构2 省略结构（revolve）around the earth.
词义推敲：
Galileo 伽利略——专有名词
greatest glory was that：最伟大的成就是
glory：a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西—— 成就，业绩，贡献
that：引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn … on 转向——对准，观察
to prove that：用以证明，去证明
that 引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。
rather than而不是
the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转
revolve：绕转，旋转
参考译文：
伽利略的最（光辉业绩/伟大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以（证实/证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
得分重点：
表语从句，宾语从句，专有名词，并列结构
(75)、Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
结构分析：
（75)、并列结构1 主语从句 Whether // 主语the Government // 谓语should increase // 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语结构/ at the expense of / technology // 并列结构2 or // 固定短语vice versa // 状语结构often // 谓语depends on // the issue / of 宾语从句which // （指代关系） 被动结构is seen // as the driving force.
词义推敲：
whether … or … 究竟是……还是……
the Government：特指Federal Government。
increase the financing of：增加对……的资金投入
finance：to supply funds to 给…提供资金
pure science 纯理论科学
at the expense of 由……付费，以……为代价
vice versa 反之亦然 relations being reversed
increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology － vice versa （还是通过 / 以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 // 还是相反）
the issue of：……问题
issue：a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议，辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件
of which：它们中的（pure science 和technology中的）哪一个
引导宾语从句，因为：1、which 是宾语从句的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句；3、which不等于issue，不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代词。
is seen as：被动结构，可以翻译成主动结构——“把哪一方看成”
the driving force 驱动力
参考译文：
政府究竟是以（减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
得分重点：
主语从句，并列结构，宾语从句，被动结构
2、1995年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid
in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
精美译文：
标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。
所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72）这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。
应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息
的方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
（74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
题目解析：
71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
结构分析：
71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因状语从句for // 状语结构in // attacking // the tests, // 从句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定语从句 主语that // 谓语 固定短语lies with // ill-informed / or incompetent users.
词义推敲：
The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试
for in attacking the tests：因为在抨击测试的过程中
for：因为
in：在…过程中
attack：攻击，抨击。
critics：one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的判断的人
divert attention from 原义是引开，引申为没有注意到，忽略
lies with 在于
ill-informed 不甚了解，消息不灵通的
参考译文：
把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有（注意到 / 忽略了）（测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当 / 批评家没有注意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的使用者造成的）。
得分重点：
插入结构，原因状语从句，定语从句
72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 结构分析：
72) 主语从句How well // 从句的主语the predictions // 从句的谓语 被动结构will be validated // by later performance // 谓语 并列结构1 固定短语depends upon // 多重定语the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness // of the information / used // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（depends）on // the skill / and wisdom // 定语从句with which // （指代关系）it // 被动结构is interpreted.
词义推敲：
How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上为……所证实
be validated by：为……所证实。被动结构——最好少用“被”字。
validate：to establish the soundness of; orroborate 证实建立…的正确性；确证
depends upon 取决于
the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used：所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性
amount：a number 数字；数量
reliability 可靠性，信度——validity效度
appropriate：suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 适合于…的适合于某特定的人，条件，事件或地点的；适宜的
with which it is interpreted定语从句
Which指代the skill and wisdom。
it指代the information。
参考译文：
这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
得分重点：
主语从句，被动结构，并列结构，省略结构，定语从句
73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
结构分析：
73) 主语 并列结构1 Whether // to use // tests, / other kinds of information, // 并列结构2 or 省略结构（to use）指代关系both // 方式状语in a particular situation // 谓语 固定短语 并列结构11depends, // 插入结构therefore, // upon // 多重定语the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity // 并列结构22 and 省略结构（depends）upon // 举例such factors // as cost / and availability.
词义推敲：
Whether to use ..., or (to use) 究竟是使用……还是（使用）……
or both：或是两者兼用
both：指代前句的tests, other kinds of information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
particular：separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的，个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分离和区分出来的
the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：“关于相对效度的来自经验的证据”
such factors as... 诸如……等因素
参考译文：
因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据），也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
得分重点：
并列结构，省略结构，插入结构
74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. 结构分析：
74) 介词短语作状语结构In general, // 主句 并列结构1 the tests // work // most effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句的主语the qualities / 非谓语作后置定语to be measured // 谓语 被动结构can be most precisely defined // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（the tests work）least effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句中的主语从句what // （指代关系）is to be measured or predicted // 谓语 被动结构can not be well defined.
词义推敲：
In general 一般的说，大体上
work most effectively 最为有效
the qualities to be measured：所要测定的特征
qualities：特征，特性，品质，品德。作“质量”解时，是抽象名次，没有复数。
measure：测量, 测度, 估量, 分派, 权衡, 调节
be most precisely defined：很精确界定。
precisely 精确地，恰好地，明确地
definite：to specify distinctly 清楚地规定
and least effectively：测试效果最差。省略了前面的the tests work
what is to be measured or predicted not be well defined：当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地定义时
参考译文：
一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
得分重点：
并列结构，时间状语从句，被动结构，省略结构，主语从句
75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 结构分析：
75) 状语结构 举例For example, // 主语 they // 并列结构1 do not compensate for // gross social inequality, // 并列结构2 and thus // do not tell // 宾语从句how able // 从句的主语an underprivileged youngster // 谓语might have been // 虚拟条件句的倒装结构had he grown up // 介词短语作状语结构under more favorable circumstances.
词义推敲：
they 指代“测试”
compensate for 弥补
compensate：to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalance 补偿，弥补作为代替品或平衡物使用或提供
gross social inequality 明显的/巨大的社会不公
gross：glaringly obvious; flagrant 公然的十分明显的；罪恶昭著的
inequality：不公平，不平等
tell：说明，表明
underprivileged youngster：物质条件差的/处于社会底层的/没有特权的年轻人
had he grown up = if he had grown up（虚拟语气中条件句的倒装）
grow up：成长，兴起，形成
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客观形势，情况除意志控制外的决定因素的总和
favorable：有利的，赞成的，讨人喜欢的
参考译文：
例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明（如果）一个物质条件差的年轻人，（如果）在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。
得分重点：
并列结构，宾语从句，虚拟语气的倒装结构
3、1996年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.
(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.
This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien-
tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting \"good \" as opposed to \"bad\" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 精美译文：
科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。（71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学
做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。（73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学，而不资助“坏”的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 题目解析：
71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
结构分析：
71) 并列结构1 Some of / these causes // are // completely 多重定语reasonable results / of social needs. 简单句 并列结构2 Others // are // 多重定语reasonable consequences of / particular advances // in science / 分词短语作后置定语being / to some extent / self-accelerating.
词义推敲：
some of these causes：其中一些原因
cause：the producer of an effect, result, or consequence 缘故，原因一种影响、结果或后果的制造者
result：the consequence of a particular action, operation, or course; an outcome 结果，后果一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果；结果
others：指代关系。 = other causes 其它原因
reasonable consequences：合理结果，必然结果
consequence：something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition 结果一种行为或情况在逻辑上或自然而然产生的结果
to some extent 在一定程度上
self-accelerating 自我加速
accelerate 加速，促进，增加（数量）
参考译文：
在这些原因中，有些完全是（自然而然地来自社会需求/社会需求的合理结果），另一
些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
得分重点：
并列结构，多重定语
72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
结构分析：
72) 主句This trend // began // 介词短语作时间状语during the Second World War, // 定语从句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位语从句that the specific demands // 定语从句that 主语a government // 谓语wants to / make 介词短语作状语结构of // its scientific establishment // 同位语从句的谓语cannot generally 被动结构be foreseen // in detail.
词义推敲：
this trend 这种趋势
when引到定语从句，前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词。
从句如果是过去时，那么可以译作：“当时”，“其时”；
从句如果是将来时，那么可以译作：“到时”，“届时”。
came to the conclusion 得出了一个结论
that 引导同位语从句
the specific demands 具体要求
make… of… 向……提出
scientific establishment 科研机构
establishment：a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 私人公共机构一个公共或私人机构，如医院或学校
cannot be forseen 无法预见
in detail 详尽
参考译文：
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
得分重点：
同位语从句，定语从句，被动结构
73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
结构分析：
73) 主句This // 被动结构seems mostly effectively done // 介词短语作方式状语by supporting // a certain amount / of research // 并列结构1 not related to // immediate goals // 并列结构2 but of possible consequence // 介词短语作时间状语in the future.
词义推敲：
This指代“problem”，这一问题。
mostly effectively done：有效解决。
mostly：generally; usually 普遍地；通常地
done 解决
by doing sth. 通过……，以……
not … but … 不是……而是……，没有……但有……
not related to 与……无关
relate：to bring into or link in logical or natural association 使有联系使有逻辑的联系或有自然的联系
immediate goals 当前目标
immediate：of or relating to the present time and place; current 目前的和当时当地有关的；当前的
possible consequence 可能的影响
参考译文：
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持/通过支持某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
得分重点：
被动结构，并列结构
74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
结构分析：
74) 状语结构However, // 主句the world // is // so made / 结果状语从句that // elegant systems // are // 介词短语作状语结构in principle // unable to deal with // 多重前置定语some （指代关系）of the world's / more fascinating and delightful aspects.
词义推敲：
the world is so made 直译：世界就是这样构成的；意译：世界就是如此/这样。
so … that…：如此（以至于）
elegant systems （精美的）完美的/完善的体系
in principle 一般而言
deal with 解决，处理
more fascinating and delightful aspects：更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题
fascinating：possessing the power to charm or allure; captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或诱惑的力量；有魅力的
delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高兴的，使人愉快的
aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成“课题/问题”
参考译文：
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题的。
得分重点：
被动结构，结果状语从句，多重定语
74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 结构分析：
75) 主句 并列结构1 New forms of / thought // as well as // 并列结构2 new subjects for / thought // 谓语must arise // 时间状语in the future // 方式状语从句as // they // have 省略结构（arisen） // in the past, // 现在分词作伴随状语giving rise to // new standards of / elegance.
词义推敲：
New forms of thought 新的思维方式
new subjects for thought 新的思维对象
must：必然，必定
as they have in the past：就像过去一样
they：指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought”
giving rise to 给出，产生，带来
new standards of elegance 新的完美的标准
参考译文：
同过去一样，（将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准/新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现，产生一个新的完美的标准）。
得分重点：
并列结构，方式状语从句，省略结构
4、1997年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie
outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
精美译文：
动物有权力吗?问题通常就是这样提出的。这种提法听起来似乎有助于把问题讲清楚。（71）事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。
诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人。此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又有多少约束力，因为有人要是说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何作答呢?
问题的症结是，如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法，那么争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的?（73）这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这是一处错误的选择。最好换一种更为根本性的提法:我们对待动物的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
许多人否认这种提法。（74）这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上。
这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴。这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上，这种看法是非常肤浅的，因为它逻辑混乱，所以应该摒弃。道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的论理一样，是针对自身利益去权衡他人利益。这就需要同情心和将心比心的想像力，没有这两点就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。（75）这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。
题目解析：
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
结构分析：
71) 状语结构Actually, // 主句it // isn't, // 原因状语从句because // it // assumes // 宾语从句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定语从句
which // is // something // 定语从句（省略that）the world // does not have.
词义推敲：
it isn’t ＝ It isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.译作“事实并非如此”也能得分。
it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法。
because it assumes
it 指代“这种问题”，是第二次提及，所以可以译作“它”。
assume：to take for granted; suppose 想当然；以为
an agreed account of human rights：对于人权的约定的看法，共同的认识
human rights 人的权利，人权
account：careful thought 仔细考虑
which 指代“agreed account”
参考译文：
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共
同认识并不存在。
这种问法不恰当，因为这种问法假设人们对人权有共同的认识，这种共同的认识是（世界上）没有的。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，宾语从句，省略结构
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
结构分析：
72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 宾语从句that rights // exist // only within a social contract, // 介词短语作非限制性定语as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements.
词义推敲：
argue：to attempt to prove by reasoning; maintain or contend 坚持，主张列举证明极力列举理由以证明；坚持或主张
social contract 社会契约
contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is
written and enforceable by law 合同，契约两个或两个以上当事人之间达成的一种协议，尤指具有法律效力的书面协议
as part of 作为(是)……的一部分
exchange：to give in return for something received; trade 交换，交易给…以作为收到某物的回报；贸易
duties and entitlements：权利和义务
entitle：to furnish with a right or claim to something 给…权利或给…资格
参考译文：
有些哲学家论证说，（权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分/权利作为责任与权益相交换的一部分只存在于社会契约当中）。
得分重点：
宾语从句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定语
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
结构分析：
73) 简单句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介词短语作状语结构at the outset: // 复合句it // invites you to // think // 宾语从句that animals // 被动结构should be treated // 并列结构1 either 介词短语作方式状语with the consideration // 定语从句省略结构（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列结构2 or // 介词短语作方式状语 with no consideration at all.
词义推敲：
it 指代“the point”（这种观点，这种说法）。
lead：to guide or direct in a course 导引在一方向牵引或指
extreme：极端
at the outset 从一开始 ＝ at the start / beginning
invites you to think 使人们认为
invite：to tend to bring on; provoke 引起；招致
that animals should be treated 它使人们认为应该这样对待动物
treat：to act or behave in a specified manner toward 对待对…以某种特定的方式行动或表现
consideration：thoughtful concern for others; solicitude 关心对他人的体贴关
心；担忧
humans extend to other humans 人对待人
extend：to make available; provide 可用；提供
参考译文：
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：（要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情/要么像人类对待自己一样去关心动物，要么一点也不关心）。
得分重点：
宾语从句，被动结构，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
结构分析：
74) 分词短语作状语Arguing from // the view // 同位语从句that humans // are different from // animals // 介词短语作状语结构in every relevant respect, // 主句extremists / 后置定语of this kind // （指代关系）think // 宾语从句that animals // lie outside // the area of / moral choice.
词义推敲：
arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点
be different from... 与……不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
respect：a particular aspect, feature, or detail 某方面某个方面、某种特征或细节
relevant：having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand 相关联的和手头的事务有关系或关联的
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice：不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关
参考译文：
这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，（因此他们认为）对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
得分重点：
同位语从句，宾语从句
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 结构分析：
75) 时间状语从句When // that // happens, // 并列结构1 it // is not // a mistake: // 并列结构2 it // is // mankind's instinct // 介词短语作后置定语for moral reasoning / in action, // 独立主格结构an instinct // 定语从句that // should 并列结构11 被动结构be encouraged // rather than // 并列结构22 省略结构（be）laughed at.
词义推敲：
that (代词作主语)联系上下文应该译为“当人们产生同情心的时候”
it 两个“it”都指代“When that happens”，译作“这”。
mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德推理的本能
instinct：an inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli 本能一种天生的行为方式，其因物种不同而各异，通常是对某一具体环境刺激的反应
reasoning：推理
in action 起作用
rather than 而不
参考译文：
当发生这种情况，这并没有错：/这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
得分重点：
时间状语从句，并列结构，同位语结构，定语从句，比较结构
5、1998年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. (71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer
satellite -Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
(72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
(74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion -trillion -trillion-fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary
particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 精美译文：
离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。（71）但更为重要的是，这是科学家所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量）。
（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。根据这一理论，宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散，随着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星，并最终甚至产生人类。
Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更为微小的热点，即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待。（73）天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
（74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们，早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。（75）宇宙膨胀说虽然听似
奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。 题目解析：
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 结构分析：
71) 状语结构But // even more important, // 主句it // was // the farthest省略结构（strip of enormous cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that scientists // had been able to / look into // the past, // 原因状语从句for // 从句的主语从句what // they // were seeing // 谓语were // the patterns and structures 省略结构（of cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that // existed // 15 billion years ago.
词义推敲：
even more important 更为重要的是
it was the farthest 这是最遥远的宇宙云
it 由于有“the farthest”作表语，所以译作“这”。
the farthest 等于“the farthest strip of enormous cosmic clouds”
look into 观察，调查，浏览
what they were seeing
they 指代“scientists”，可以译作“他们”。
the patterns and structures（of cosmic clouds）（宇宙云的）形状和结构
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
参考译文：
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的（景象/宇宙云），因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
得分重点：
省略结构，定语从句，原因状语从句，主语从句
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
结构分析：
72) 主句The existence of // the giant 省略结构（cosmos）clouds //被动结构
was virtually required for // the Big Bang, // 插入结构first put forward // in the 1920s, // 不定式作状语to maintain // its reign // 介词短语作后置定语as the dominant explanation of / the cosmos.
词义推敲：
the giant （cosmos）clouds 巨大的（宇宙）云
virtually required for：必不可少
virtual：existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form, or name 实质上的，实际上的虽然没有实际的事实、形式或名义，但在实际上或效果上存在或产生的
the Big Bang 大爆炸理论
first put forward 首创的，开始提出的
in the 1920s 二十世纪二十年代
to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位
maintain：to keep up or carry on; continue 维持或保持；继续
its 指代“the Big Bang”，译作“它的”
reign：dominance or widespread influence 主宰占统治地位的或者广泛的影响
as the dominant explanation of cosmos 作为对宇宙（起源论）的主要解释
dominant：exercising the most influence or control 支配的最有影响的或支配的
参考译文：
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
得分重点：
省略结构，被动结构，插入结构
73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
结构分析：
73) 主语Astrophysicists // 分词短语作后置定语working with // 并列结构1 ground-based detectors / 后置定语at the South Pole // and 并列结构2 balloon-borne instruments // 并列结构11 are closing in on // such structures, // 并列结构22 and may report // their findings soon.
词义推敲：
astrophysicist：天体物理学家，天文物理学家
working with 使用，以……为工作手段
ground-based detectors 以地面为基础的探测器，陆基探测器
ground-based = based on the ground
ground-bases detectors：陆基探测器
balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器
are closing in on 正越来越近
such structures 云系
findings a conclusion reached after examination or investigation 结果，结论检查或调查后得出的结果。我们可以翻译为观测结果
参考译文：
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器/使用南极陆基探测器以及球载仪器工作的天体物理学家，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
得分重点：
并列结构，分词短语
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
结构分析：
74) 条件状语从句If // the small hot spots // look as // 省略结构（they were）expected, // 主句that // will be // a triumph // 介词短语作状语结构for yet another scientific idea, // 同位语结构a refinement of / the Big Bang // 分词短语作后置定语called // the inflationary universe theory.
词义推敲：
the small hot spots 小热点
look as expected = look as they (hot spots) were expected或者look as we (scientists) expected，译作“看上去正如所料”。
triumph：the fact of being victorious; victory or conquest 胜利，得胜胜利的事实，胜利或征服
yet：表示强调，译作“再，还，又”
refinement 更完美，提炼，改进，相当于原文中的“better the
called：作后置定语，译作“所谓的……”，“人们称之为……”
the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说/理论
inflation：the act of inflating or the state of being inflated 充气充填气体的动作或被充气的状态
参考译文：
假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，（亦称/即所谓的）宇宙膨胀说。
得分重点：
条件状语从句，同位语结构，省略结构
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
结构分析：
75) 倒装的让步状语从句Odd // though // it sounds, // 并列结构1 省略结构cosmic inflation 省略结构（theory）// is // 多重定语a scientifically plausible
consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics, // 并列结构2 and many astrophysicists // 被动结构have been convinced // 时间状语for the better part of a decade // 宾语从句that it // is // true.
参考译文：
得分重点：
词义推敲：
Odd though it sounds：倒装结构。 还原为：though it sounds odd 虽然听似奇特。
odd：奇特，古怪
it 指代“cosmic inflation”（宇宙膨胀说）
cosmic inflation ＝ inflationary universe theory /cosmic inflation theory 宇宙膨胀说
a scientifically plausible consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics：基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学，关键词“physics”。
respected ideas 公认的理论，权威理论
plausible：seemingly or apparently valid, likely, or acceptable; credible 看似真实的，看似有道理的看起来或表面上正确的、可能的或可接受的；可靠的
convince：to bring by the use of argument or evidence to firm belief or a course of action 说服通过进行辩论或者提供证据使…确信或使…采取某种行为
for the better part of a decade 七八年来
better = greater大部分
参考译文：
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为（这一论说/宇宙膨胀说）是正确的。
得分重点：
倒装结构，让步状语从句，并列结构，被动结构，宾语从句，多重定语结构
6、1999年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .
(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical
profession. (74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of \"tunnel method , \" frequently fall victim to the \"technicist fallacy. \" Also common in the natural sciences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.( 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
精美译文：
（71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。
（72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
题目解析：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
结构分析：
71) 让步状语从句While // there // are // almost 并列结构1 as many // definitions of history // 并列结构2 as // there // are // historians, // 主句modern practice // most closely conforms to // one // （指代关系） 定语从句that // sees history as // the attempt // 多重定语to recreate / and 省略结构（to）explain // the 前置定语significant events / 介词短语作后置定语of the past.
词义推敲：
While 虽然，尽管
as many … as … 和……一样多，多达……
modern practice 现代实践
practice：a habitual or customary action or way of doing something 习惯习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式
most closely conforms to 最符合于
conform：to correspond in form or character; be similar 一致在形式或特征上相符；相似
one：指代“definition”，译作“一个定义”。
attempt：an effort or a try 企图或努力
to recreate 再现，重现（不能说重新创造历史）
events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实
参考译文：
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代实践最符合其中一个定义，这个定义把历史学看来是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件.
得分重点
让步状语从句，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 结构分析：
72) 主语Interest // 多重定语in historical methods // 谓语has arisen // 并列结构1 less through // 多重定语external challenge / to the validity of / history / as an intellectual discipline // 并列结构2 and more from // 多重定语internal quarrels / among historians themselves （指代关系）.
词义推敲：
Interest in historical methods （人们）对历史（研究）方法的关注（兴趣）
less through … and more from … “更少是通过……更多是来自……”没有“与其说是因为……不如说是因为……”好。
through 和from意思相同
external：外部的，客观的
challenge：a demand for explanation or justification; a calling into question 质疑要求解释或证明为正当；质疑
validity 真实性，正确性，效度
reliability信度
as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问/学科
intellectual：appealing to or engaging the intellect 知性的需用或使用智力的
discipline：a branch of knowledge or teaching 学科；科目知识或教学的分支
internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧
参考译文：
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问/与其说是因为外部对于历史作为一门只是学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。
得分重点
并列结构，多重定语
73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
结构分析：
73) 状语结构During // this transfer, // 主句traditional historical methods // 被动结构were augmented // by 多重定语additional methodologies / designed to interpret / the new forms of / evidence / 介词短语作后置定语in the historical study.
词义推敲：
this transfer：这个转变。
transfer：(instance of) transferring or being transferred 转移，调动，转变
were augmented by：增加了
augment 充实，补充
additional methodologies 新方法
methodology：方法，方法论
designed to用来/旨在
the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意译为在历史学研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在研究历史时
参考译文：
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
得分重点
被动结构
74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 结构分析：
74 ) 主句There // is // no agreement // 状语从句whether // methodology // 并列结构1 refers to // 多重定语the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in general // 并列结构2 or // 省略结构（refers）to // 多重定语the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry.
词义推敲：
there is no agreement 人们尚未达成一致意见
agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether... or ... 究竟是……还是……
refer to 指
the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in genera多重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为: 一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry：重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为:历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段
the research techniques 研究手段、手段
historical inquiry 历史探究
the various branches 各个领域
appropriate to 适用于，合适于
参考译文：
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。
得分重点
并列结构，状语从句，省略结构，多重定语
75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 结构分析：
75) 主句It // applies equally 并列结构1 to // traditional historians // 定语从句who （指代关系） // view history as // only the external and intemal criticism of / sources, // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（applies）to // social science historians // 定语从句who // equate their 省略结构（research）activity with // specific techniques.
词义推敲：
It指示代词，联系上下文可以看出是指“technicist fallacy”（这种谬论）。
apply to 适用于
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是
specific techniques 具体方法
参考译文：
这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；（前者/历史传统派）认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，（后者/历史社科派）认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
得分重点
并列结构，定语从句，省略结构
7、2000年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.(71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of
centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.(74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization---with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently
presents
serious
problems
for
the
governments
concerned.(75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population
explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
精美译文：
世界各国政府都认为，人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。（72）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育结构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源;或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。无论如何，所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。
（73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同时，全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，并付诸实施。
题目解析：
71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 结构分析：
71) 状语结构Under // modern conditions, // 主句this // 并列结构1requires // varying measures of / centralized control // 并列结构2and hence // 省略结构（requires）the help of / specialized scientists // 举例such as / economists and operational research experts.
词义推敲：
under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因而，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运营研究专家，运筹学家
参考译文：
在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
得分重点：
并列结构，省略结构，
72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
结构分析：
72) 状语结构Furthermore // 主句 形式主语it // is // obvious // 并列结构1 that the strength of / a country's economy // 被动结构is directly bound up with // the efficiency of / its agriculture and industry, // 并列结构2 and that this // in turn // 固定短语rests upon // the efforts of / scientists and technologists / of all kinds. 词义推敲：
Furthermore 再者，另外，此外，而且
It is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关
bound 原形为bind, 绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率
this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。
in turn 反过来
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种各样的科技人员
参考译文：
再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
得分重点：
形式主语，并列结构，被动结构，固定短语rest upon
73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
结构分析：
73) 原因状语Owing to // 多重定语the remarkable development / in mass-communications, // 主语people everywhere // 谓语 并列结构1 are feeling // new wants // 并列结构2 and 被动结构are being exposed to // new customs and ideas, // 状语从句while // governments // 被动结构are often forced to / introduce // still further innovations // 原因状语for the reasons given above.
词义推敲：
owing to 因为，由于
remarkable development 显著发展
mass-communications 大众通讯，大众媒体
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求
being exposed to 接触到，感受到，我们最好不要说“被暴露于”
customs and ideas 习俗和思想
while：表转折、对比，译作“因而”。
be forced to 不得不
introduce 推出，采取，施行
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因，基于以上原因
参考译文：
由于大众通讯的显著发展/大众通讯的显著发展使得，各地的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常不得不推出更多的革新/各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
得分重点：
被动结构，并列结构
74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
结构分析：
74) 状语结构in the early industrialized countries of Europe // 主语the process of industrialization // – 插入结构with // all the far-reaching changes // in social patterns // 定语从句that followed – // 谓语 被动结构was spread // over nearly a century, // 对比状语从句whereas // nowadays // a developing nation // may undergo // the same process // 时间状语in a decade or so.
词义推敲：
industrialized countries （实现）工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及
that followed：修饰“changes”而不是“social patterns”。译作“随后发生的”。
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
whereas：然而，但是。
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
参考译文：
在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程——以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革——持续了大约一个世纪（之久），而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右（的时间内）就可以完成（同样的/这个）过程。
得分重点：
状语从句，被动结构，插入结构，定语从句
75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
结构分析：
75) 主句Additional social stresses // may also occur // 原因状语because of // the population explosion // or 多重定语problems / arising from / mass migration movements // – 独立主格结构 反身代词themselves // 多重定语made relatively easy // nowadays // by modern means of transport.
词义推敲：
additional social stresses 新的/额外的社会压力
stress：压力
occur：to take place; come about 发生；使发生
population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸
arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于
mass migration movements 大量人口流动
migration 流动，迁移
migration movements 人口流动
themselves：指代“mass migration movements”（人口流动本身）
modern means of transport 现代交通工具
参考译文：
由于人口猛增或大量人口流动——现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易——（所引起的各种问题也/造成的种种问题也）（会对社会造成新的压力/可能产生新的社会压
力）。
得分重点：
同位语结构，多重定语
8、2001年
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
In less than 30 year's time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
(71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period
of 1，000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. \"By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,\" he says. (74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\" Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the
droids.
(75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage. 精美译文：
再过不到30年“星球旅行”太空平台将成为现实。大脑神经系统与计算机的直接连接也将创造出完全传感的实际环境，使得实际的度假和电影“全面回顾”中的度假一模一样。
（71）届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（72）儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。
根据英国电讯公司的未来学家伊恩·皮尔逊的看法，上述种种科研成就均属新千年的最初几十年内的开发项目之列，届时超级计算机将大大加快人类生活各个领域里的进步。
（73）皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到达数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期。一些最重大的开发将会发生在医学中，其中包括延长人的估计寿命和从现在到2040年间将投入使用的几十种人造器官。
皮尔逊逊预言了电脑与人各种连接的突破。通过直接与我们的神经系统相连接，电脑能够了解到我们的感情并且有望激发我们的情感，这样我们就能着手开发完全传感的环境，更类似于电影“全面回顾”或“星球旅行”太空平台中的度假。（74）但皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
经过研究，皮尔迩确定可以预测到的大多数突破的日期。然而，仍然不能预报快于光速的旅行何时到来，或何时将完成克隆人，或何时可以实现遨游过去或将来的时间旅行。但皮尔逊确实预料到技术进步所引起的社会问题。例如，邻里电子监控摄像机的飞速推广将在2010年引起许多社会问题，而栩栩如生的人造机器人的问世将意味着人们可能无法把他们的真人朋友和这类机器人区别开来。（75）家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病———厨房狂躁。
题目解析：
71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
结构分析：
71) 主句There // will be // 并列结构1 television chat shows / 后置定语hosted by robots, // 并列结构2 and cars / 后置定语 with pollution monitors // 定语从句that // will disable // them // 时间（条件）状语从句when // they // offend.
词义推敲：
there will be 将来会有，到时会有
television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话/聊天节目.
chat shows：访谈节目
host：to act as host at (an event) or to (a person) 主持、主办（活动）；招待
cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车
that will disable them：监控器就会使其（汽车）停驶
disable them 使汽车失灵/停止运行/无法前进/不能开动/瘫痪/将阻止汽车开动
offend (汽车)污染超标/违规
参考译文：
届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。
得分重点：
并列结构，定语从句，时间状语从句
72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers
with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 结构分析：
72) 并列结构1 Children // will play with // dolls / 后置定语equipped with / personality chips, // 并列结构2 computers / 后置定语with in-built personalities // 被动结构will be regarded并列结构11as // workmates // 并列结构22 rather than 省略结构（as）tools, // 并列结构3 relaxation // will be // in front of / smell-television, // 并列结构4 and // digital age // will have arrived.
词义推敲：
doll：洋娃娃，玩具娃娃
equip with：装备
personality chip：个性芯片
personality：distinctive qualities of a person, especially those distinguishing personal characteristics that make one socially appealing 人品个人独特的品质，特别是那些有区别性的、使某人具有社交魅力的个人性格
chip：an integrated circuit 集成电路
computers with in-built personalities 个性内置的计算机
be regarded as 被当作
workmate 同事
rather than 而不是
smell television 气味电视机
digital age 数字（化）时代
参考译文：
孩子们将会与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍/装有集成电路块的有个人性格的玩偶玩，具有内置个性的计算机/内部装有人格化芯片的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将会在气味电视机前休闲/放松/休息/消遣/娱乐，届时数字化时代就来到了。
得分重点：
并列结构，被动结构，省略结构，比较结构rather than
73)Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
结构分析：
73) 主句Pearson // has pieced together // 多重定语the work of / hundreds of / researchers / around the world, // 结果状语to produce // 多重定语a unique millennium technology calendar // 定语从句that // gives // the latest dates // 定语从句when // we // can expect // hundreds of / key breakthroughs and discoveries // to take place.
词义推敲：
Pearson 皮尔森(音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
the work of / hundreds of / researchers / around the world：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：（世界各地/全世界/来自全世界）数百位研究人员的成果
to produce （结果）编制（出了）
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最迟的日期
latest：最新的
when：by which，到这些日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
key：重要的，关键的
breakthrough：突破，成就
参考译文：
皮尔森（汇集/收集/综合/拼集）（世界各地/全世界/来自全世界）数百位研究人员的成果，（结果）编制了一个（独特/独一无二/唯一）的（技术千年历/千年技术日历），它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的（最迟/最近）日期。
得分重点：
定语从句，多重定语结构
74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\"
结构分析：
74) 状语结构But // 主语that, // 插入结构Pearson // points out, // 谓语is only // 多重定语the start of / man-machine integration: // 直接引语 “引语的主句It // will be // 多重定语the beginning of / the long process of / integration // 定语从句that // will ultimately lead to // a fully electronic human // 时间状语before // the end of / the next century.”
词义推敲：
that指代上文a breakthrough 突破，
the start of man-machine integration 人机一体化的开始 ＝ computer-human links
integrate：结合，一体化
the beginning of the long process of integration：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：人机一体化漫长之路的第一步 / 长期的综合过程的开始 / 漫长的集成历程的开始 / 整体化长久过程的开端
ultimately：最终
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人
before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
参考译文：
但是皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是（人机一体化/人机综合/人机集成/人和机器结合/人和机器结合为一体/人机集成技术）的（一个）（开始/起点/开端）：“它（将是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步/将成为长期的综合过程的开始/将成为漫长的集成历程的开始/将成
为整体化长久过程的开端），（最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人/人机一体化将在下个世纪末之前导致完完全全的电子人地出现）。”
得分重点：
插入结构，定语从句
75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage. 结构分析：
75) 主句And // home appliances // will also become // so smart / 状语从句that // controlling and operating them // will result in // 多重定语the breakout of / a new psychological disorder / - kitchen rage.
词义推敲：
home appliances 家用电器
smart 聪明，智能化
them：指代home appliances，译作“它们”。
result in：导致，出现
the breakout of / a new psychological disorder：（引发/出现/发作/发生/爆发）一种新的（心理疾病/心理混乱/心理不正常/心理失衡/心理紊乱/心理错乱）
breakout 爆发
psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调)
kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气
rage：furious intensity, as of a storm or disease 狂暴，猖獗猛烈的力度，用于风暴或疾病
参考译文：
而家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会（引发/出现/发作/发生/爆发）一种新的心理疾病/心理混乱/心理不正常/心理失衡/心理紊乱/心理错乱的爆发——厨房狂燥症。
得分重点：
状语从句，多重定语结构
9、2002年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in
which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.\" Who will use a technology and to what ends?
(65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
精美译文：
我们遇到的几乎所有重要问题都涉及到人的行为，而且仅靠物理技术和生物技术是无法解决这些问题的。我们所需要的是一种行为技术，但是可能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓慢。（61）难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度模仿类似的做法并且只有当它们抛弃这些做法后才得到发展。（62）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境因素显然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推动也不阻碍行为科学的发展，它具有选择作用，因而这种作用是很难发现和分析的。（63）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，由于人（生物）和环境之间的相互作用已经逐渐被人们所认识，所以现在正开始从已知的环境去寻找一度认为是心态、情感和性格特征所造成的影响其根源所在。因此就可以建立一门行为技术。但是，如果行为技术代替不了传统的科学发展以前的观点，那它将无法解决我们的难题。而这些传统的观点是根深蒂固的。自由和尊严是难处之所在。（64）自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩归因于环境。它还提
出有关“价值观念”的种种问题。谁会使用一门技术?其目的何在?（65）在这些得到解决以前，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
题目解析：
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
结构分析：
61) 主句One difficulty // is // 表语从句 that 从句的主语almost all of / 宾语从句what is called / behavioral science（多重定语结构） // 谓语continues to trace behavior to // states of mind, // feelings, // traits of character, // human nature, // and so on.
词义推敲：
One difficulty is that …：表语从句——由系动词修饰和限定。难题之一在于、一个困难是。
almost all of / what is called / behavioral science：多重定语结构。几乎所有的所谓的行为科学
what is called 所谓的
behavioral science行为科学
continue to依然/继续/延续
trace … to 追踪溯源
states of mind 心态，意识状态
feelings 感情
traits of character 性格特点
human nature 人性
参考译文：
难题之一在于/一个困难就是所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然/继续/延续从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找/研究/探索/探究行为的根源。
得分重点：
表语从句，宾语从句，被动结构
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
结构分析：
62) 主句The behavioral sciences // have been slow / to change // 并列结构1 partly 原因状语从句because // 主语 the explanatory items // often // 被动结构seem to be directly observed // 并列结构2 and partly 原因状语从句because // 主语other kinds of explanations // 谓语have been hard / to find.
词义推敲：
have been slow to change （一直）发展缓慢。
have been：完成时——一直，一向。
slow：缓慢的
change 改变，发展。
the explanatory items： 用以解释的依据、要素（内容，项目）
item 内容，项目——依据、要素
seem to be directly observed：被动结构，最好不要用“被”字。似乎往往是（直接观察到的/从直接观察中得到的/来自于直接的观察/是直接观察的结果。
seem to be 似乎往往是
directly observed 直接观察到的 / 从直接观察中得到的 / 来自于直接的观察 / 是直接观察的结果
other kinds of explanations 其他的解释方式 / 类型的解释 / 种类的解释
参考译文：
（行为科学/行为科学的研究/行为学理论/行为科学方法）之所以（发展缓慢/变化很慢/发展很慢），部分原因是用来解释（行为/它们/不译）的（依据/因素/要素/内容/项目）似乎往往是（直接观察到的/从直接观察中得到的/来自于直接的观察/是直接观察的结果），部分原因是其他（的解释方式/类型的解释/种类的解释）一直（难以找到/很难发现/获得得十分困难/不容易被发现）。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，并列结构，被动结构
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 结构分析：
63) 并列结构1 主语 多重定语The role of / natural selection / in evolution // 谓语 被动结构was formulated // 时间状语结构only a little more than a hundred years
ago, // 并列结构2 and 主语 多重定语结构the selective role of / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior of / the individual // 谓语is only beginning to / 被动结构be recognized and studied.
词义推敲：
the role of natural selection in evolution：多重定语结构——后浪推前浪。我们可以范围为：进化过程中自然选择的作用。
in evolution：在演化中。
role：a function or position 功能，职位。
natural selection：自然选择。
was formulated：得以（阐明/表述/解释/论证/揭示）。被动结构——最好不要用“被”字。
formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证
only a little more than a hundred years ago：仅/只在一百多年前。
the selective role of / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior / of the individual：（保持/维护）个体行为时的选择作用/角色。
in shaping and maintaining 在形成和保持……的过程中。
to be recognized and studied被动结构——最好不要用“被”字。（被 / 得到）（认识 / 承认 / 意识到 / 认可）和研究。
recognize：to perceive or show acceptance of the validity or reality of 承认，认可认识到或表现出接受…的合理性或真实性
参考译文：
自然选择在进化/演化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明/表述/解释/论证/揭示，而环境在塑造/形成/造就和保持/维护个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识/承认/意识到/认可和研究。
得分重点：
并列结构，被动结构，多重定语结构
64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
结构分析：
64) 主句并列结构1 主句They // are // 多重定语the possessions / of the autonomous (self-governing) man / of traditional theory, // 并列结构2 and 主句they // 're essential / to practices // 定语从句in / which // 主语a person // 谓语 并列结构11 被动结构is held responsible / for his conduct // and 并列结构22 被动结
构 省略结构（a person is）given credit / for his achievements.
词义推敲：
They：指代“freedom and dignity”，译作“自由与尊严”
the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们可以翻译为：传统理论定义的（自主行为的/自我控制的/自我约束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者）所拥有的（不译/所有物/所具备的东西/财产/财富）。
autonomous (self-governing)：自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的。
possession：wealth or property 财富，财产。
be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的
practices 实践活动
in which = in these practices，译作“在这些实践活动中”。
is held responsible for 对……负责
conduct：the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 操行，行为一个人行为的方式，尤指从道德和伦理的角度来看。
and given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定
credit：approval for an act, ability, or quality; praise 赞同，赞扬对某一行为、能力或质量的赞同；赞扬
参考译文：
自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主行为的/自我控制的/自我约束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者所拥有的/财产/财富，而且他们是实践活动/实践/实际活动中必不可少的，在这些实践活动中，一个人必须对他的行为负责，取得成绩时他也必须得到表扬。
得分重点：
并列结构，多重定语结构，定语从句，被动结构，省略结构
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
结构分析：
65) 条件状语从句Until // 主语these issues // 谓语 被动结构are resolved, // 主语a technology / of 省略结构behavior （science）谓语 // 被动结构will continue / to be rejected, // 省略结构and with it // possibly the only way / to solve our problems（will continue to be rejected）.
词义推敲：
until 除非，如果不
issue are resolved 被动结构——问题得以解决
a technology of behavior：研究行为（科学）的技术手段
to be rejected被动结构——受到排斥 / 被抛弃 / 被拒绝 / 被否定 / 被反对
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems（will continue to be rejected）省略结构
with it 随之；伴随着它。
possibly the only way to solve our problems 解决问题的惟一方式 / 唯一可能解决问题的方式
参考译文：
如果这些问题得不到解决/除非这些问题得到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥/被抛弃/被拒绝/被否定/被反对，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
得分重点：
条件状语从句，被动结构，省略结构
10、2003年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words “anthropos”: “human” and “logos” the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or
specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 精美译文：
人类无时无地不在探究他们所居住的这个世界，并且惊叹于他们所处的地方。人类有思想、有创造性，而且具有难以满足的求知欲。（61）而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生
存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的广泛性与多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。我们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间、以及人类与地球上的所有其他物种更加和谐地共存。
“人类学”一词起源于希腊语anthropos（人类）和logos（对于…的研究）。顾名思义，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。
人类学属于社会科学。（62）社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学有研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。社会学的每一学科都包含一门与人类学密切相关的分支或专业。
一切社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一门以实地考查为导向的学科，在研究中需要广泛地运用比较法。（63）强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 人类学的研究在很大程度上取决于文化观念。爱德华•泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世纪杰出的理论成就之一。（64）泰勒把文化定义为“…一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的主仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。这一概念虽然简洁，但却含义深刻，它为认识和理解人类生活开创了一条崭新的道路。泰勒关于文化的定义暗示出这样一个概念，即文化是后天习得的、与他人共享的和形成固定模式的行为。
（65）因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
题目解析：
(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 结构分析：
复合句61) 状语Furthermore, // 主句humans // have // the ability 后置定语to / modify the environment // 定语从句in which // they // live, // 结果状语thus // subjecting all other life forms to // their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
词义推敲：
furthermore：而且，此外
modify the environment in which they live：改变他们的生存/所居住环境
modify：to change in form or character; alter 变更，在形式或特征上改变，修改
they：指代“humans”
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从……
other life forms = other forms of life 其它形式的生命
peculiar：独特的，特有的
fancy：imagination, especially of a whimsical or fantastic nature 想象，尤指有异想天开或空想的特性的，喜好
参考译文：
（而且/另外/并且/更进一步来说/甚至/不仅如此/此外），人类还有能力（改变/改善/改进/改造）自己的生存环境，从而使所有（其它形态的生命/其他生命形式/其他生命形态/其他形式的生命）（服从于/承受/都符合/按照……来改变/将……进行改造/与……一致/适应）人类自己独特的想法和想像。
得分重点：
定语从句，固定短语
(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
结构分析：
62) 主句Social science // is // that branch of / intellectual enquiry // 定语从句which // seeks to / study // humans and their endeavors // 方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner // 定语从句that natural
scientists // use // 目的状语for the study of / natural phenomena.
词义推敲：
Social science 社会科学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究
enquiry = inquiry：探究，探索
seek to：试图，设法
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为
endeavor：努力
in … manner 以……方式，用……方法
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象
参考译文：
社会科学是知识探索/探究/探寻的一个分支，它力图/试图/致力于/寻求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的/推理的、有序的/有规律的/有条理的/有秩序的、系统的和冷静的/客观的/不受情绪影响的）（方式/方法）研究人类及其行为。
得分重点：
定语从句
(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
结构分析：
63) 主语The emphasis on / data / 后置定语gathered first-hand, // combined with // a cross-cultural perspective // brought to // the analysis of / cultures / past and present, // 谓语makes // this study // a 前置定语unique and distinctly important social science.
词义推敲：
The emphasis对……的强调，对……的重视
data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料
first-hand：直接地，第一手地
combined with加上
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角
参考译文：
（强调/注重/重视/对于……重视/对于……强调）（搜集/采集/收集）第一手（资料/数据），（加上/结合/连同）在分析（过去和现在的文化（形态）/古今文化/过去和现在的文化现象）时采用（跨文化/文化交汇/交叉文化）（视角/视点/观察），使这一研究成为一门（独特/独一无二/与众不同）并且（非常重要的/极为重要的/特别重要的/有特殊重要性的）社会科学。
得分重点：
多重定语结构
(64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
结构分析：
64) 主句Tylor // defined culture as // 直接引语\"... 引语的主句that complex whole // 定语从句which // includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, / and any other
capabilities / and habits // 后置定语acquired by man // as a member of society.\"
词义推敲：
Tylor人名，按照音译“泰勒”。
defined culture as 将文化定义为
that complex whole 一个复合体
which：指代“whole”，译作“它”。
morals 道德
acquire：取得，获得
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员/作为社会成员的人
参考译文：
泰勒（把文化定义为/为文化下的定义是/是这样定义文化的）“……一个（复合整体/复合体/综合体/集合体/统一体/复杂整体/组合体），（它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯/它包括（信仰/信念）、艺术、（道德/伦理）、法律、风俗（习惯）以及人作为社会成员所（获得/获取）的其它能力和习惯）。”
得分重点：
定语从句，后置定语
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 结构分析：
65) 状语结构Thus, // 主语 多重定语the anthropological concept of / \"culture,\" // 插入结构 举例like // 多重定语the concept of / \"set\" / in mathematics, // 谓语is // an abstract concept // 定语从句which // makes 倒装结构 // possible // 前置定语immense amounts of / concrete research and understanding.
词义推敲：
the anthropological concept of \"culture,\" 人类学的“文化”的概念
the concept of \"set\" in mathematics 数学中“集合”的概念
an abstract concept抽象概念
abstract：considered apart from concrete existence 抽象的，和真实存在不同的
which：指代“concept”，译作“它”。
make sth possible 使得……成为可能
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding：（它/这种概念）使大量的具体研究和认识（成为可能/有可能进行）
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究
参考译文：
（因此/所以），人类学中“文化”的（概念/观念）就像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。（它/这种概念）使大量的具体研究和认识（成为可能/有可能进行）。
得分重点：
插入结构，定语从句，倒装结构
11、2004年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate.
Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
精美译文：
许多世纪以来哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系颇感兴趣。（61）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。直到最近语言学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语截然不同的语言。两位人类学家、语言学家佛朗茨·博厄斯和爱德华·萨皮尔在二十世纪上半叶描述了北美和南美许多土著语言，在这方面他们堪称先驱。（62）我们之所以感激他们（两位无驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。不过，在该世纪早期其他语言学家并不那么热心处理“异域”语言中的怪异数据，因此他们常不被人们所称道。（63）这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。美洲土著语言的确十分特异，纳瓦霍语实际上在二战中可以被美军用作密码发密码电报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明·李·沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。（64）沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。（65）沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为了知名的萨皮尔—沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示过支持语言决定论的观念。
题目解析：
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
结构分析：
(61) 主句The Greeks // assumed // 宾语从句that 从句的主句the structure of / language // had some connection with // the process of / thought, // 定语从句which // took root in Europe // 时间状语从句long before // people // realized // 宾语从句how diverse // languages // could be.
词义推敲：
The Greeks：希腊人
assume：认为，假设，假定，承担
have connection with：与……有关系
the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程
which：指代前面整句，译作“这个观点”。
took rootin生根；扎根
long before 早在…之前
how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别
diverse：多种多样的，不同的
参考译文：
希腊人（认为/以为），语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。（这种想法/这一观点），（早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了/在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根）。
得分重点：
宾语从句，定语从句，时间状语从句
(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
结构分析：
(62) 主句We // are obliged to // them // 原因状语从句 because // some of / these languages // have since vanished, // 原因状语从句as // the peoples // 定语从句who // spoke // them // 并列结构1 died out / or 并列结构2 被动结构became assimilated // and lost // their native languages.
词义推敲：
be obliged to sb. 感激某人
them：指代“Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers”，译作“两位先驱”或者“他们”。
have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了
since 表示 “从此以后”之意
vanish：disappear消失
die out 灭绝
assimilate：吸收，同化
native languages 母语，本民族的语言
参考译文：
我们之所以（感激/感谢）他们（两位先驱），是因为从此以后，这些（土著）语言中(的一部分/有一些）（消失/已经不复存在）了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了（自己/本族）的语言。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，定语从句，并列结构，被动结构
(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 结构分析：
(63) 主句The 前置定语newly described languages // were // 状语结构often // so strikingly different from // 多重定语the well studied languages / of Europe and Southeast Asia // 结果状语从句that some scholars // even accused Boas and Sapir of // fabricating // their data.
词义推敲：
newly described langauges 新描述、研究的语言
so ... that … 如此…以至于
strikingly different显著的不同
striking：显著的，突出的
the well studied languages经过充分研究的各种语言
accused sb. of sth. 指责／谴责某人作了某事
Boas and Sapir：（人类学语言学家）博厄斯和萨培尔，译作“博厄斯（Boas）和萨培尔（Sapir）”。
fabricating捏造, 伪造, 虚构
参考译文：
这些新近被描述的各种语言与（经过/得到）充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言（是如此的显著的不同/往往差别显著/惊人的差异/很大的不同），以至于一些学者甚至指责（博厄斯/Boas）和（萨培尔/Sapir）（编造/制造/捏造）了（他们的）资料。
得分重点：
结果状语从句，固定短语
(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 结构分析：
(64) 原因状语Being interested in / the relationship of / language and thought, // 主句Whorf // developed // the idea // 同位语从句that the structure of language // determines // the structure of habitual thought // in a society.
词义推敲：
being interested in …应增加逻辑主语——Whorf，我们可以翻译为“Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”
Whorf：人名，译作“沃尔夫”，或者不译。
develop与idea搭配，不宜译作“发展”，而译为“形成观点”
habitual thought 应译作 “习惯思维”
that：引导同位语从句可以译作“即”，“那就是”，或者用冒号、破折号代替。
the structure of habitual thought：习惯思维结构、模式
参考译文：
Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种（观念/观点）：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维结构。
得分重点：
同位语从句，现在分词结构
(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
结构分析：
(65) 主句Whorf // came to / believe in // a sort of / linguistic determinism // 定语从句 从句的主语which, // 插入结构in // its strongest form, // 谓语states // 宾语从句 并列结构1 that language // imprisons // the mind, // 并列结构2 and that the grammatical patterns / in a language // can produce // consequences for / the culture of / a society.
词义推敲：
come to believe开始相信
come to：开始做，碰巧做
a sort of：一种，某种
linguistic determinism语言决定论
linguistic：语言的，语言学的
determinism：…论，…主义
in its strongest form在其最强烈的形式下，其极端形式
imprison the mind禁锢思维
far-reaching
参考译文：
Whorf/沃尔夫（逐渐接受/进而相信）某种（类似）语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
得分重点：
定语从句，宾语从句，插入结构，并列结构
12、2005年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which
bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In
dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
精美译文：
来谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史具有压倒性地重要意义的阶段中所起的作用并不是件容易的事。历史和新闻混为一谈，人们的印象往往夹杂着怀疑论和乐观主义。(46)电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。如今组成欧洲的无外乎它的人民，文化和国家身份。明白了这一点，我们可以开始分析欧洲的电视情况。(47)在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。意大利的B集团就是一个例子，同时还有国外的马克斯韦尔和默多克。
显然，只有最大并且机构最灵活的电视公司才有能力完全投入这样一个充满激烈争夺的市场的竞争。(48)这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。
此外，欧洲团体的一体化将迫使电视公司在生产和销售领域更加紧密地合作。
(49)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。而这需要减小我们对北美市场的依赖程度，它们有关经历和文化传统的电视节目和我们的是不同的。
为了完成这些目标，我们必须更加关注合作的作品，新闻的交流，纪录片服务和培训。这同样要求欧洲国家之间协议成立一个处理生产开销必需财政的欧洲银行。在应对如此规模的挑战时，(50)可以毫不夸张地说；“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。如果我不得不选择一个口号，那将会是“多样性中的联合”。目标统一却注重每个国家不同的特性。
题目解析：
(46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe . 结构分析：
46) 主句Television is one of the means //定语从句by which these feelings （指代关系） 被动结构are created and conveyed – //and perhaps 倒装结构never before has it served 并列结构1// so much to connect different peoples and nations 并列结构2 //as in the recent events in Europe.
词义推敲：
Television is one of the means：电视是……的手段之一；
by which：引导定语从句；
feelings：感觉、感受；
created：引发；
conveyed：传递；
it：指代“television”（电视）；
peoples：指民族；
nations：指国家。
参考译文：
电视是引发和传播这种感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
得分重点：
定语从句，倒装结构，并列结构
(47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
结构分析：
47) 地点状语结构In Europe, //插入结构as elsewhere, 主句//multi-media
groups have been increasingly successful: 同位语//groups 定语从句//which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses 定语从句//that work in relation to one another.
词义推敲：
multi-media groups：传媒集团，最好不要翻译为多媒体集团
increasingly successful：越来越成功；
bring together：把……组合在一起；
work in relation to one another：相关的。
参考译文：
和其它地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团把相关的电视、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在一起。
得分重点：
插入语，同位语结构，定语从句
(48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
结构分析：
48) 主句This alone demonstrates 宾语从句//that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, 同位语//a fact underlined by statistics 定语从句//that show 宾语从句//that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
词义推敲：
This demonstrates：这一点表明；
alone：足以；
television business：电视行业
television networks：电视广播网
underlined：强调；
no less than：不少于，多达
took a loss：亏损
参考译文：
仅这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一
事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。
得分重点：
宾语从句，同位语结构，定语从句，took a loss
(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice
结构分析：
49) 主语Creating a “European identity” 定语从句//that respects the different cultures and traditions 定语从句//which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent 谓语 并列结构1 //is no easy task 并列结构2 and //demands a strategic choice.
词义推敲：
identity：指的是一种不同于北美的、代表欧洲特色的标志，译作“品牌”；
Old Continent：不译作“老大陆”，而译作“欧洲大陆”。
make up：构成，组成
参考译文：
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的决策。
得分重点：
专有名词，定语从句，并列结构
(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall”
结构分析：
50) 状语结构In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, 主句//it is no exaggeration to say 宾语从句 直接引语“省略结构//（If we are）United we stand,省略结构//（if we are）divided we fall”
词义推敲：
dealing with：处理、应对；
on such a scale：如此规模的；
it is no exaggeration to say：可以毫不夸张地说
stand：生存；
fall：灭亡；
参考译文：
在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说，“联合，我们就生存，分裂，我们就灭亡。”
得分重点：
状语结构，形式主语，省略结构
13、2006年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most
of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts”, as Emersion would say, “is something else.”
精美译文：
美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分，这一情况属实么？我将暗示一下这不是真实的情况。当父亲Bruckbergen观察发现正是知识分子自己拒绝了美国，他揭露了一部分真相。但是，他们所做的不仅限于此。他们逐渐对知识分子的角色感到不满。正是他们自身，而不是美国，变为了反知识分子。
首先，我们的研究目标是来力求一个定义。什么是知识分子？我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。他首先提出实际问题，然后提出道德层面上的问题，最后提出看起来和他所获得的实际和道德信息相符合的行动建议。通过这一系列行为来清晰明了真实地探究此类问题。知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。
该定义排除了多个通常被称为知识分子的个体――对于个人而言是普通的科学家。我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。和其他人类一样，即使在日常例行职责的表现中也会遇到道德问题――人们并不会要求他可以烹饪实验，加工事实或医治报告。但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。在其大部分的人生中，他将认同他的行为准则，正如商人认同商人的道德规范。
该定义同样排除了多数教师，尽管事实上，教育是许多知识分子用来谋生的传统方法。教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。大部分著名学者甚至都符合这一描述。在人类知识的某一分支是专家是一回事；而生活在如爱默生过去常提到的“公共而勤勉的想法”之中又是另外一回事。
题目解析：
(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
结构分析：
（46）主句I shall define him as an individual 定语从句//who has elected 宾语补足语//as his primary duty and pleasure in life 宾语//the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems.
词义推敲：
define …as… 把…定义为…
elected… as… 选择…作为…
his primary duty and pleasure in life 生命中主要的责任和乐趣
n Socratic（苏格拉底）way 用苏格拉底的方式
moral problems 道德问题
参考译文：
1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。
2、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为自己的主要责任与乐趣。
得分重点：
固定短语，宾语从句，宾语后置
(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
结构分析：
（47）主句//His function is analogous to that of a judge，定语从句//who must accept the obligation of revealing方式状语// in as obvious a matter as possible //the course of reasoning 定语从句//which led him to his decision.
词义推敲：
Analogous 类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的
be analogous to 类似于..., 与...相似
accept the obligation：接受这个义务，就是有义务。
Reveal 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
in as obvious a manner as possible=in a obvious manner. As …as possible
lead …to… 把…引向…
参考译文：
知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。
得分重点：
固定短语，定语从句，方式状语
(48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
结构分析：
（48）主句I have excluded him // 原因状语从句//because，让步状语从句//while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， 转折//he has not been charged with the task //of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
词义推敲：
exclude 拒绝接纳, 把...排除在外, 排斥
contribute to 有助于
the solution of moral problems 道德问题的解决，解决道德问题
been charged with 承担、负责
not any but =nothing but=only 只，仅仅是
the factual aspects of those problems 那些问题的事实方面/层面
参考译文：
我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，让步状语从句，固定短语
（49） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 结构分析：
（49）主句//But his primary task is not to think about the moral code 定语从句//which governs his activity，比较结构// any more than //a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration |of rules of conduct in business.
词义推敲：
moral code译为：道德准则/道德标准
dedicate to表示致力于
exploration是开发探索之意，翻译时需要做一点调整
an exploration |of rules of conduct in business 多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，我们翻译为：对于商业行为规则的探索。
参考译文：
但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
得分重点：
固定短语，定语从句，比较结构，多重后置定语
(50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 结构分析：
（50）主句They may teach very well，比较结构// and more than earn their salaries，转折关系//but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems定语从句 //which involve moral judgment.
词义推敲：
more than more than 后面跟名词和动词，我们翻译为不仅仅/不只是
make reflections on 对…进行反思/思考
little or no 很少或是没有
moral judgment 道德评判/判断
参考译文
教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅为了赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。
得分重点：
比较结构，固定短语，定语从句
14、2007年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflection on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding
of the legal system.
精美译文：
几个世纪以来，有关法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基本的知识学科。不过，只是在最近几年有关法律的研究才成为加拿大大学教育的一门学科。传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。幸运的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立法律教育更传统、更具有大陆特性的观念，有些甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。
如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育一个不可缺少的学科的话，那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育家。法律是一门学科，这门学科鼓励进行有责任的判断。一方面，它为分析像公正、民主以及自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中起作用，就像在法庭上一样。通过学习并且反省法律来强化判断是一名新闻记者为其事业进行知识准备时渴望实现的。
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。政治，或者更广泛一点，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家运作的方式了解越多，他们的报道就越优秀。实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
此外，法律体系以及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然与法律有关的新闻报道的性质差别很大，但是，许多新闻记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
题目解析：
(46) Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
结构分析：
(46) Traditionally 主语//legal learning被动结构（固定结构）// has been viewed in such institutions //as the special preserve of lawyers, 比较结构//rather than 多重后置定语//a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
词义推敲：
traditionally 传统上来说
legal learning 法律的学习
view …as… 把…看作…
institutions 公共机构
the special preserve of lawyers 律师专有的特权/权利
preserve 禁区，防护物，引申为律师专有的权利
rather than 而不是
necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person 多重后置定语结构——后浪推前浪，我们可以翻译为：受过教育的人的知识储备所必需的一部分
intellectual equipment 知识装备/储备/才能
an educated person 受过教育的人
参考译文：
传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看成是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人的知识才能必须的部分。
得分重点：
被动结构，view as ，rather than ，多重后置定语
(47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
结构分析：
(47)状语结构 //On the other,主句 //it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 定语从句//which is parallel to the links 定语从句（省略that）//journalists forge方式状语 //on a daily basis 时间状语从句//as they cover and comment on the news.
词义推敲：
On the other, 另一方面
Link 连接，联合（常和to搭配）
everyday realities 日常实际
be parallel to 类似的
forge 铸造，形成，塑造
on a daily basis 在日常基础之上
cover the news 报道新闻
参考译文：
另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联系起来，这种联系得方式类似于
新闻记者在报道和评论新闻时基于日常规则所形成的方式。
得分重点：
固定短语， 定语从句，方式状语，时间状语从句
(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
结构分析：
(48)主句的主语//But the idea同位语从句// that the journalist must understand the law 比较结构//more profoundly //than an ordinary citizen 主句的谓语//rests on 主句宾语（多重后置定语结构）//an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
词义推敲：
profoundly 深深地，深刻地
ordinary citizen 普通公民/市民
rests on 依靠于，依赖于
established conventions 既定风俗
an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media 多重后置定语结构——后浪推前浪，我们可以翻译为：对于新闻媒体的特殊责任和既定风俗的理解。
参考译文：
但是新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻的理解法律的观念依赖于对于新闻媒体的特殊责任和既定传统的理解。
得分重点：
同位语从句，比较结构，多重后置定语
(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
结构分析：
(49)In fact, 形式主语//it is difficult 真正主语//to see 宾语从句//how 宾语从句主语/journalists定语从句// who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution 宾语从句谓语/can do 宾语从句宾语/a competent job on political stories.
词义推敲：
In fact,事实上，实际上
have a clear grasp of 对…有清晰的认识
basic features 基本特征
Canadian Constitution 加拿大宪法
Competent 有能力的，胜任的
political stories 政治报道/新闻
参考译文：
实际上，要想明白（懂得）那些不能清晰了解加拿大宪法基本特征的新闻记者如何能够胜任政治新闻的报道工作是困难的。
得分重点：
形式主语，宾语从句，定语从句，固定结构
(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
结构分析：
(50)让步状语从句//While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, 形式主语//it is preferable //for journalists 真正主语//to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
词义推敲：
comment and reaction 评论和反馈
enhance 提高，增强，丰富
preferable 更可取的，更好的，更优越的
rely on 依赖于
notions 概念，观念，想法，主张
their own notions of significance 他们对于重要性的理解/看法，他们自己的价值观
make their own judgments 做出他们自己的判断
参考译文：
尽管律师的评论和反馈可能会增加故事内容，但是对于新闻记者来说，他们依赖他们的价值观并作出自己的判断是更加难能可贵的。
得分重点：
让步状语从句，形式主语，
15、2008年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed his possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced
many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kids gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 精美译文：
在其（指达尔文）自传中，他指出，想要简洁明了地表达自己观点的时候，他总会遇到很大的困难。(46)他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长避短，以使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。他说他自己反应迟钝，理解力差，就象著名的赫胥黎一样。(47)他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点上，他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。他还认为自己的记忆杂乱而模糊，从某一个方面来说，甚至是很糟糕，以至于他记住一次约会或者是一行诗歌的话，几天就能忘记。(48)另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，
但却不能推理，对此，他并不接受且认为毫无依据。他认为，这种批评是错误的，因为《物种起源》这本书从头到尾都是长篇大论，却说服了很多有才华的人。他承认，如果不具备推理能力，没有人能够写出这样的书。他愿意说自己是“有我应该具有的发现能力和常识判断能力，正如每一个成功的律师和医生一样；但是，我认为，我的水平不高。”(49)他谦虚地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人容易忽略的细节，更能够对此加以详细地观察”。
在其晚年著作中，他表示，在过去的二三十年中，他的思想在两三个方面发生了变化。到三十岁左右，诗歌带给他极大的快乐。以前，绘画也能给他带来兴致，而音乐能给他无穷的乐趣。然而，他在1881年说：“这几年来，读一行诗，我就受不了。我最近还想要试图读读莎士比亚，可发现，相当乏味，难以忍受到了令人呕吐的程度。我也几乎快要丧失了自己对音乐和绘画的品味了。一般来说，音乐让我更加积极深入地思考目前的工作，而不能给我乐趣。我现在依然能够欣赏美景，但是它却不能象从前一般带给我极大的愉悦。”(50)达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 题目解析：
(46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
结构分析：
(46)主句// he believes宾语从句//that this very difficulty may have had the
compensating advantage of 并列结构//forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,并列结构 //and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
词义推敲：
this very difficulty very表示强调，我们可以翻译为“正是这个困难”
compensating advantage 补充的/补偿的优势，
forcing him to 强迫他去
intently 刻意地，专心地，集中地
enabling him to 使他能够
reasoning 推理
参考译文：
达尔文认为正是因为这个困难，促使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考，同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这也就使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。
得分重点：
宾语从句，并列结构，固定短语
(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
结构分析：
(47)主句// He asserted, also, 宾语从句//that his power后置定语/ to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, 非限定定语从句//for which reason felt certain 表语从句//that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
词义推敲：
Asserted 宣称，声称
Follow 理解
Abstract 抽象的，深奥的
train of thought 一连串的思想，思路，思想（固定搭配）
参考译文：
达尔文同时声称，对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。
得分重点：
宾语从句， 定语从句，表语从句
(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 结构分析：
(48) 状语结构//On the other hand, 主句//he did not accept 宾语补足语//as well founded宾语// the charge made by some of his critics 同位语从句//that, 让步状语从句//while he was a good observer, 同位语从句//he had no power of reasoning.
词义推敲：
On the other hand 另一方面
as well founded 这个结构的完整形态应该是“as well founded one(指代charge)，我们翻译“就像那些有根有据的指控一样”。
charge 指控，控诉
critics 批评家，评论家
observer 观测者，观察员
no power of reasoning 缺乏推理的能力
参考译文：
另一方面，虽然有些批评他的人一致认为他善于观察，但不具备推理能力，但是他不同意这种说法
。
得分重点：
同位语从句，让步状语从句，宾语补足语
(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”
结构分析：
(49)主句// He adds humbly 宾语从句//that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men 并列结构//in noticing things 定语从句//which easily escape attention, 并列结构//and in observing them carefully.”
词义推敲：
add 增加，补充
humbly 谦虚地，谦恭地
superior to 优越于
the common run of men 普通人，比如：She's different from the common run of students.
她跟一般学生不同。
参考译文：
达尔文很谦虚的补充到，有些事情需要高度的注意力和细心的观察，也许他自己在观察此类事情时比一般人有优势。
得分重点：
宾语从句，定语从句，并列结构
(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
结构分析：
(50) 主句//Darwin was convinced宾语从句// that the loss of these tastes was 并列结构//not only a loss of happiness, 并列结构//but（also） might并列结构/ possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably并列结构/to the moral character.
词义推敲：
convince 使确信，使信服
the loss of these tastes 失去这些兴趣
a loss of happiness 失去幸福
be injurious to 有害于…
参考译文：
达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。
得分重点：
宾语从句, 并列结构
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