一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类 1．犇犇阅读理解
Wolves strike fear into the hearts of many species, humans included. Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out, as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble-makers. But researchers are discovering that the very fear they put into prey（被捕食者）species is exactly what helps make ecosystems（生态）healthy.
Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem. An October 2018 study analyzed 40 years of research on large animals inside the park.
\"Yellowstone has benefited from the reintroduction of wolves in ways that we did not anticipate, especially the complexity of biological interactions（互动） in the park,\" explained Mark Boyce, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences.\" We were really surprised at that and we'd never have seen these responses if the park hadn't adopted ecological-process management—allowing natural ecological processes to take place with least human intervention.\"
After the wolves were re-introduced at Yellowstone, willow and cottonwood trees increased in number. The population of bears and bison also rose and what was once a ruling deer-wolf interaction is now more diverse.
To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. In this documentary, biologist Aaron Wirsing explored why wolves and other top predators （捕食者）were needed for diverse ecosystems to develop. Using a simple video camera, Wirsing is gaining a unique view point on predator-prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.
The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. The fear they bring along may be the very angle that helps save them from dying out. （1）What does the underlined word \"anticipate\" in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Expect. B. Understand. C. Notice. D. Accept. （2）For what purpose was a documentary made? A. To introduce how wolves behave in the wild. B. To show how wolves benefit from ecosystems. C. To record how Aaron Wirsing observed wolves. D. To study what good wolves can do to ecosystems. （3）What is the significance of the research? A. It proves wolves feed on hundreds of species. B. It helps prove the importance of protecting wolves. C. It shows the complex relationships between species. D. It provides evidence that wolves are endangered animals. （4）What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The fear of wolves is beneficial to ecosystems. B. The fear of wolves put them in danger of disappearing. C. Yellowstone National Park owes its healthy ecosystems to wolves. D. The introduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is a success. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，其中黄石公园灰狼的引进就是一个典型的例子。 （1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的\"We were really surprised at that\"可知，黄石公园在意想不到的方面从重新引入狼中获益。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy.”可知，拍摄纪录片的目的是了解狼是如何对生态有益的。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem.”可知，这项研究再次证明了为什么保护这些食肉动物不仅对狼这个物种很重要，而且对生态系统的各个层面的物种都很重要。故这项研究的意义在于它有助于证明保护狼的重要性。故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述了人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，因为食草动物不会过度繁殖，从而保护了植物的生长。故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
Escaping predators (食肉动物), digestion and other animal activities—including those of humans—require oxygen. But that essential ingredient is no longer so easy for marine life to obtain, several new studies reveal.
In the past decade ocean oxygen levels have taken a dive—an alarming trend that is linked to climate change, says Andreas Oschlies, an oceanographer at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Germany, whose team tracks ocean oxygen levels worldwide. \"We were surprised by the intensity of the changes we saw, how rapidly oxygen is going down in the ocean and how large the effects on marine ecosystems are,\" he says. It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss
of 2 percent globally.
A warming ocean loses oxygen for two reasons: First, the warmer a liquid becomes, the less gas it can hold. That is why carbonated drinks go flat faster when left in the sun. Second, as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.
Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. Climate change already poses serious problems for marine life, such as ocean acidification, but deoxygenation is the most pressing issue facing sea animals today, Oschlies says. After all, he says, \"they all have to breathe.\"
Aside from food web problems, animals face various other physiological challenges as their bodies adjust to lower oxygen levels. Chinese shrimp (虾) move their tails less vigorously to preserve energy in lower oxygen environments. Some creatures, such as jellyfishes, are more tolerant of low oxygen than others are. But all animals will feel the impact of deoxygenation because they all have evolved their oxygen capacity for a reason, says Oschlies. \"Any drop in oxygen is going to damage survivability and performance,\" he says.
（1）According to the first two paragraphs, what worries scientists the most? A. The worsening deoxygenation in the warming ocean. B. The survival of predators and various marine animals. C. The alarmingly changeable oxygen levels in the ocean. D. The lack of attention to the warming of tropical oceans.
（2）Which of the following is a reason for the oxygen loss in the ocean? A. Polar ice melting consumes much oxygen in the ocean. B. Global warming reduces the amount of oxygen in the air. C. The surface polar ice water prevents oxygen going down. D. Salty water holds less gas in the increasingly warmer ocean. （3）What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Ocean deoxygenation changes some animals' natural territories. B. Ocean acidification is more serious a problem than deoxygenation. C. Not all ocean animals are bothered by the decreasing oxygen levels. D. Some animals reduce their movements in order to absorb more oxygen. （4）Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. The Oxygen Levels of Marine Life B. Ocean Warming Affects Food Web C. The Survivability of Ocean Animals D. The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令
人担忧的趋势。同时介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.\"可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降幅较小，全球平均降幅为2%。所以根据前两段，科学家最担心的是变暖的海洋中日益恶化的脱氧现象。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\" as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.\"可知，当极地海冰融化时，它会在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一层水。这个过程会形成一种冰盖，它可以防止水流将地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因为所有的氧气都进入了表面，所以较少的与海洋水的混合意味着更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的极地冰水阻止氧气下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的\"Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. \"可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在领域的其他人发现，无论大小，海洋动物对氧气的微小变化都有反应，它们在较高的含氧区寻求庇护，或是调整行为。这些调整可能使动物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它们进入食物匮乏的地区。所以海洋中氧含量减少迫使动物离开自己的栖息地，去氧气含量较高的地区寻求庇护。故判断出海洋脱氧改变了一些动物的自然领地。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。所以短文主要是围绕着海洋氧含量下降而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为\"海洋快喘不过气来了\"符合题意。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But
there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!
Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. \"When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive.\" He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.
When you feel stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what we call our fight-or-flight response. However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.
Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they claim that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.
Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even feel foolish ... smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.
\"Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.\" And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health. （1）Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam's opinion? A.Smile has the same effects as laughter. B.Smile can be used to take the place of medicine. C.Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health. D.Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.
（2）What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones? A.They can lower our blood pressure. B.They will surely lead to heart diseases. C.They can benefit us when we are in danger. D.They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.
（3）Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health? A.It can make us relax. B.It increases sugar levels. C.It has little bad side effects. D.It can happen for no reason.
（4）What can be the best title for the text? A.A Thorough Analysis of the Causes of Heart Diseases B.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart C.One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress Hormones
D.The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议多保持微笑，他认为微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。同时说明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人们感到压力时的身体反应等情况。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive.”当我们微笑时，大脑的线路会发生变化。释放出的化学物质更积极。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑能使我们的身体产生有益的化学物质。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you.”如果你真的有危险，这些荷尔蒙会帮助你。可知，当我们处于危险中时，压力荷尔蒙可以帮助我们。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.”如果我们微笑，我们就打破了压力和健康之间的联系。而且它可能会为每个人的心脏健康提供一点额外的保护。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑可以使我们放松，从而有利于我们的健康。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart.”哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议他的病人保持微笑。他说，微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。以及结合文章内容主要介绍了微笑能够让我们放松进而有利于我们的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
In 2015, a man named Nigel Richards memorized 386, 000 words in the entire French Scrabble Dictionary in just nine weeks. However, he does not speak French. Richards' impressive feat is a useful example to show how artificial intelligence works—real AI. Both of Richard and AI take in massive amounts of data to achieve goals with unlimited memory and superman accuracy in a certain field.
The potential applications for AI are extremely exciting. Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks—provided the task is in one field with a lot of data—it is technically capable of replacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.
But not every job will be replaced by AI. In fact four types of jobs are not at risk at all. First, there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a goal to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can. Second, the complex, strategic jobs—executives, diplomats, economists
— go well beyond the AI limitation of single-field and Big Data. Then there are the as-yet-unknown jobs that will be created by AI.
Are you worried that these three types of jobs won't employ as many people as AI will replace? Not to worry, as the fourth type is much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, such as teachers, nannies and doctors. These jobs require compassion, trust and sympathy—which AI does not have. And even if AI tried to fake it, nobody would want a robot telling them they have cancer, or a robot to babysit their children.
So there will still be jobs in the age of AI. The key then must be retraining the workforce so people can do them. This must be the responsibility not just of the government, which can provide funds, but also of corporations and those who benefit most. （1）What is the main purpose of paragraph 1? A. To introduce the topic. B. To mention Nigel's feat.
C. To stress the importance of good memory. D. To suggest humans go beyond AI in memory.
（2）Which of the following best explains \"outperform\" underlined in paragraph 2? A. Be superior to B. Be inferior to C. Be similar to D. Be related to （3）Which of the following jobs is the most likely to be replaced?
A. The writer. B. The shop assistant. C. The babysitter. D. The psychologist. （4）Which of the following suggestions can the author give about job replacement of AI? A. Limit the application of AI to a certain degree. B. Get more support from the government. C. Apply for the donation from companies. D. Upgrade people's professional skills all the time. 【答案】 （1）A （2）A （3）B （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，人工智能有取代人类工作的潜力,但是,并非所有工作都会被人工智能取代,有四种类型的工作完全没有风险。因此,在人工智能时代人类仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这些工作。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段可知一个名叫奈杰尔·理查兹（Nigel Richards）的人在短短九周内记住了《法国拼字游戏词典》中的386,000个单词。但是,他不会说法语。其展示了人工智能是如何工作的。而后文主要与人工智能有关,由此推断作者写第一段的目的是引出人工智能这个话题。故选A。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks—provided the task is in one field with a lot of data”可知AI可以在日常任务中outperform人类（前提是该任务在一个涉及到大量数据的领域中；以及“it is technically capable of replacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.”可知从技术上讲,人工智能具有在未来大约15年里取代成千上万的白领和蓝领工作的能力。结合下文推断人工
智能能够具有取代人类的工作是因为AI在日常任务中表现超过了人类,划线词的意思是\"胜过,超过\故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“First, there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a goal to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can.”可知四种类型的工作完全没有风险。首先,有创造性的工作。人工智能不可能像科学家,小说家和艺术家那样进行发明创造。也就是作家和科学家不会被取代。排除A；再根据第四段中的“as the fourth type is much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, such as teachers, nannies and doctors.”可知需要情感的工作,例如老师,保姆和医生也不大可能被取代,因此排除C和D。故选B。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“So there will still be jobs in the age of AI. The key then must be retraining the workforce so people can do them.” 可知作者认为在AI时代仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这些工作。进行培训是为了得到专业技能,由此推断作者会给出一直提升人们的专业技能的建议,故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
It has been discovered that after the age of sixteen, the number of our brain cells begins to decrease at a speed of several million a year. They simply die off. In certain types of activity, the human brain is at its highest point in the early twenties, when it has collected enough information to be able to use the vast number of cells freely in the most effective way. Pure mathematics is one of the fields in which this happens, and we know that Albert Einstein made all his world-shaking discoveries between the age of about 20 and 25, and spent the rest of his life tidying them up and arranging them.
But in certain other types of activity (of which being an author is perhaps one), experience is more important than sharpness of brain, and there one usually finds that a person reaches his or her peak much later in life.
Besides sharpness of brain and experience, here is another thing that is very important, and that is wisdom. One can have a very quick, inventive brain and plenty of experience, but if one uses these foolishly, one harms both oneself and others. Wisdom does not always come with age ——there are plenty of foolish middle-aged people about ——but the average person tends to learn wisdom as he gets older, usually by making painful of embarrassing mistakes. Leaning to be wise is basically learning what is not possible; and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there. Mostly, it is learning about human nature; how real people behave and react, as against how one would like them to behave and react. One can read and hear lot of idealistic stuff about how to make the world a better place, which would be found if it was based on an accurate observation of human nature, but which is basically a waste of time because it is not.
（1）According to the writer, the great discoveries made by Albert Einstein were mainly a result in________. A.years of hard work B.sharpness of the brain
C.rich experience
D.his deep understanding of the nature
（2）Some people achieve success much later in life because . A.their work often requires much experience B.they do not have a chance to show their talents C.they have to learn lessons from failures
D.they fail to realize earlier the importance of hard work （3）The importance of wisdom lies in the fact that . A.it helps to avoid various mistakes B.it contributes to one's creativity
C.it encourages one to go forward in face of difficulty D.it provides the right direction of efforts （4）The writer came to believe that . A.it is always a waste of time to make plans about the future B.it is human nature to make attempts on what looks impossible C.one should always challenge the impossible to push the society forward D.one has to use wisdom in deciding what is the best thing to do 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）D （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类的大脑在20岁左右于巅峰，在以后的成就多数是因为需要丰富的经验。除了头脑敏锐和经验丰富外，智慧也非常重要，因为智慧为人们提供了正确的努力方向。人们要用智慧来决定做什么才是最好的。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段“It has been discovered that after the age of sixteen, the number of our brain cells begins to decrease at a speed of several million a year. They simply die off. In certain types of activity, the human brain is at its highest point in the early twenties, ... and we know that Albert Einstein made all his world-shaking discoveries between the age of about 20 and 25, and spent the rest of his life tidying them up and arranging them.” 人们发现，16岁以后，我们的脑细胞数量开始以每年几百万的速度减少。在某些类型的活动中，人类的大脑在20岁早期处于巅峰状态,... 我们知道阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在20到25岁之间做出了所有震惊世界的发现。用余生来整理和安排这些发现。根据对爱因斯坦所的发现可知，他的伟大的发现是在20-25岁之间，更是印证了人类大脑在20年代初达到了巅峰，可推断出，本段主要研究人类大脑巅峰期，故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段“But in certain other types of activity (of which being an author is perhaps one), experience is more important than sharpness of brain, and there one usually finds that a person reaches his or her peak much later in life.”但在某些其他类型的活动中(作家可能是其中一种)，经验比头脑的敏捷更重要，人们通常会发现一个人在他一生的晚期才达到顶峰。可推断出有些人在晚年取得成功是因为他们的工作中往往需要很多经验。故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Besides sharpness of brain and experience, here is another thing that is very important, and that is wisdom.... Leaning to be wise is basically learning what is not possible； and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there. Mostly, it is learning about human nature；how real people behave and react, as against how one would like them to behave and react.”除了敏锐的头脑和丰富的经验外，还有一件事是非常重要的，那就是智慧。学习成为智者，要基本的了解什么是不可能的；学习有可能但又很困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是了解人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。由此可推断出智慧的重要性在于智慧能让人知道什么可做，什么不能做，即为人提供正确的努力方向。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Leaning to be wise is basically learning what is not possible；and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there. Mostly, it is learning about human nature；how real people behave and react, as against how one would like them to behave and react. One can read and hear lot of idealistic stuff about how to make the world a better place, which would be found if it was based on an accurate observation of human nature,”成为智者，要大体上知道什么是不可能的。学习有可能但又如此困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是学习人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反应的。人们可以读到和听到很多关于如何使世界变得更美好的理想主义的东西.......由此可推断出聪明的人必须运用智慧来决定最好要做什么事。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
According to a team of researchers, an animal's ability to perceive(感知)time is linked to their pace of life.
\"Our results lend support to the importance of time perception in animals where the ability to perceive time in a very short time may be the difference between life and death for fast moving creatures.\" commented lead author Kevin Healy from Trinity College Dublin.
The study was done with a variety of animals using phenomenon based on the maximum speed of flashes of light an individual can see before the light source is seen as constant. Dogs, for example, have eyes with a refresh rate higher than humans.
One example of this phenomenon at work, the authors say, is the housefly and its ability to avoid being hit. The research showed flies \"observe motion in a shorter time than our own eyes can achieve, \"which allows them to avoid being hit.
Professor Graeme Ruxton of the University of St Andrews in Scotland, who worked jointly on the research project, said in a statement, \"Having eyes that send updates to the brain at much higher frequencies than our eyes do is of no value if the brain cannot process that information equally quickly. Thus, this work highlights the impressive abilities of even the smallest animal brains. Flies might not be deep thinkers, but they can make good decisions very quickly.\"
In comparison, the tiger beetle(虎甲虫)runs faster than its eyes can keep up, basically becoming blind, which requires it to stop periodically to re-evaluate its prey's(猎物)position. Our results suggest that time perception offers an as yet unstudied dimension along which animals can specialize and there is considerable range to study this system in more detail. （1）What is the research mentioned in the passage mainly about？ A. Pace of life of animals. B. Impressive abilities of animals. C. Lifetime of small animals. D. Time perception of animals. （2）What does Kevin Healy's comment mean in Para.2？ A. The survival of fast moving animals relies on their ability to perceive time. B. Animals with quicker pace of life have better perception of time.
C. The ability of animals to perceive time depends on their high moving speed. D. Animals with poor ability of time perception have a shorter life. （3）Why can houseflies avoid being hit? A. They can think very deeply before they act.
B. They can process the information as quickly as they receive it. C. They can fly much faster than their eyes can keep up.
D. They can send information to brain more quickly than to their eyes. （4）What will a tiger beetle have to do to catch a moving prey?
A. Slow down to gain its time perception. B. Prevent itself from becoming blind. C. Stop occasionally to spot the prey again. D. Try to run as fast as it can. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了对动物时间感知的研究。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“According to a team of researchers，an animal's ability to perceive（感知）time is linked to their pace of life.”可知，据一组研究人员称，动物感知时间的能力与它们的生活节奏有关，由此可知，文中提到的这个研究是关于动物的时间感知的，故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“the importance of time perception in animals where the ability to perceive time in a very short time may be the difference between life and death for fast moving creatures.”可知，对于能快速移动的动物而言，在极短的时间内感知时间的能力可能是生与死的区别，由此可知，Kevin Healy说的意思是快速移动的动物的生存依赖于它们对时间的感知能力，故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The research showed flies ‘observe motion in a shorter time than our own eyes can achieve，’which allows them to avoid being hit.”可知，家蝇观察物体运动的时间比我们人眼所能达到的时间要短，这使得它们能够避免被击中；再结合第五段中的“but they can make good decisions very quickly.”可知，它们可以很快做出好的决定，也就是说它们可以尽快处理收到的信息，故选B。
（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“the tiger beetle（虎甲虫）runs faster than its
eyes can keep up，basically becoming blind，which requires it to stop periodically to re-evaluate its prey's（猎物）position”可知，虎甲虫的移动比眼睛快，基本上是盲目的，这就要求它不时地停下来，重新评估猎物的位置，由此可知，为了抓住移动的猎物，虎甲虫需要不时地停下来确定猎物的位置，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution (协同进化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.
Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.
But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.
The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.
（1）Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ________. A. reward the ants B. make a fool of ants
C. provide nutrition for the seeds D. get the seeds moved around
（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. How plants and ants interact. B. What ants do to protect plants. C. How plants and ants survive attacks. D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.
（3）Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants?
A. Ants depended more upon plants. B. It caused a race for better evolution. C. How it got started was uncertain. D. It was of little value for future studies.
（4）What's the author's purpose of writing the passage? A. To introduce a science research method. B. To inform readers of a latest research finding. C. To arouse readers' interest in science research. D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use.”植物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；“Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”可知，有些蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started.”但是科学家们并不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进化关系是如何开始的。由此可知C选项描述正确，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。第一段中的“A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants.”一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结果，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe's biggest online takeaway food company Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technologies to deliver food with robots on the streets of London later this month. \"Nobody has ever done
deliveries with land-based robots,\" said Allan Martinson, the chief operating officer of Starship. The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate (确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier. \"Put the code in, the robot opens up, and there's your food,\" said David Buttress, chief manager of Just Eat.
The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs £ 1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the £3 to £6 it costs for a human courier. To date 30 robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themselves picked on by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London and Tallinn, Estonia.
An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine on the streets. \"The most surprising reaction has been the lack of reaction,\" said Martinson.
Another significant fear was that people would disrupt (扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it opens only with a passcode provided to the customer via a notification. \"It's much easier to shoplift than it is to steal a robot,\" said Martinson.
（1）Which of the following can replace the underlined word \"courier\" in Paragraph 2? A. deliverer B. collector C. provider D. guide （2）According to the text, the Starship robot ________. A. opens up upon hearing the code B. travels 10 miles per hour at most C. finds its way by means of GPS and cameras D. sends a message to the customer upon arrival
（3）The test of Starship robots shows that ________. A. they are easy to operate
B. the robot delivery is appreciated in big cities C. the robot delivery is cheaper than human delivery D. they can travel for 10 hours continuously
（4）Which of the following is one of the worries about Starship robots? A. Safety of the robot delivery. B. Accuracy of the robot delivery C. Peoples indifference to the robots. D. People's concern about public traffic.
（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Great Improvement of Just Eat B. Global Trend of Food Companies C. New Robots to Move on the road
D. Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers
【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）C （4）A （5）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了伦敦一家食品速递公司宣布未来会使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，目前该公司在几个城市都测试了陆地快递机器人送餐服务。未来送货机器人可能会取代人类送快递。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”可知，一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。所以这个词是“投递”的意思，故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate(确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification(通知) on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier.”可知，Starship机器人依靠全球定位系统和照相机找到路。故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs ￡1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the ￡3 to ￡6 it costs for a human courier.”可知，机器人送餐要比人送餐更便宜。故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Another significant fear was that people would disrupt(扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents.”另一重大担忧就是担心人们干扰机器人，或是想把机器人及其所运物品偷走，可以推断出，担忧机器人运送的安全问题。故选A。
（5）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，特别是第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。可知，D项Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers作为标题最合适。选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Our mother earth is going through a very tough situation and we, the entire human race, are destroying our environment or unconsciously without even realizing its consequences. Now we have to act very smartly and plan something to sustain what we still have, getting all necessary support from nature to lead healthy lives.
Gardening is always an excellent and environmentally friendly idea. If you can go for sustainable gardening, then it will be even more useful for all. Gardening is a favorite hobby for many. It is time to channelize your hobby towards a more meaningful motivation.
When we do gardening we need to use different ingredients (材料) to grow plants. Some of them are natural resources like water, soil, sunshine, and many things like this. Using these resources smartly is a part of sustainable gardening. Some simple techniques include: use less water and organic things to grow plants; try to store rainwater so that you can use them for gardening; try using less energy to drive devices; avoid using plastics in any form while gardening; reuse the leaves from your garden to fertilize them. These are the basic sustainable measures. To do so we need to have proper knowledge about gardening and its requirements so that we can use proper resources without wasting any of them.
In today's busy life we don't get much time to spend on our environment. Gardening gives us a chance to do so. We can also have some pesticide-free (无农药的) and fresh food if we grow them in our garden. This is the right time to do some good to protect our own environment and gardening is one of the easiest ways. Do you want to start gardening, but you're not sure how? Click here: http://www.gardenhowto.com.
（1）What does the underlined word \"channelize\" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Cause B. Transform C. Direct D. Associate （2）Which of the following belongs to a sustainable measure? A. Using advanced electrical machines. B. Avoiding fertilizers.
C. Watering plants with collected rainwater D. Clearing away the leaves.
（3）What is the benefit of sustainable gardening? A. It requires little water. B. It needs no fertilizer. C. It breaks up plastics. D. It doesn't waste any resource.
（4）Where is the passage probably taken from?
A. A newspaper. B. The Internet. C. A guidebook. D. A science report. 【答案】 （1）C （2）C （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍为了保护地球，我们需要发展可持续性事业，本文重点介绍怎样合理利用资源发展园艺，不浪费资源，不产生对环境有害的物质。 （1）考查词义猜测。本句中channelize来源于channel渠道，频道，根据已有的意思于选项相结合可知，channelize为指导，导向的意思，故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“try to store rainwater so that you can use them for gardening”可知，使用存储的雨水来浇灌植物，是属于可持续发展的措施，故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的“To do so we need to have proper knowledge about gardening and its requirements so that we can use proper resources without wasting any of them.”可知，用这样的方法，可以合理利用资源，不浪费资源，故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Click here: http://www. gardenhowto. com.”可知，本文来源于网站，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Nowadays six Amazon Scout delivery robots rolled out in a pilot program in Snohomish County, Wash. The robots carry meals, groceries and packages to homes and offices in this region just north of Seattle. They have appeared on the sidewalks of London, Beijing and other cities and communities worldwide. These machines must overcome pedestrian legs, naughty dogs and broken pavement, which raises some questions.
These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything. Between 2017 and 2018 online retail sales in the U.S. increased by 16 percent. On the final step of all these deliveries, called the last mile, humans on bicycles, motorized scooters (电动车) or large delivery trucks typically deliver packages. All the vehicles compete for space on busy urban streets. \"Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams,\" says Paul Mackie, director of a transportation policy research center in Arlington.
A study by this center found 73 percent of delivery vehicles in Arlington were parked outside of authorized areas, often blocking bike lanes and crosswalks. By moving the last step of deliveries from the road to the sidewalk, cities could reduce traffic jams and solve the parking problem entirely, Mackie says.
Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm. A delivery robot can cost thousands of dollars to manufacture, and most currently require human management and conservation. But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated. （1）Why does Amazon introduce delivery robots? A. To amuse its customers.
B. To avoid pedestrians, dogs and broken pavement. C. To meet the increasing demand of delivering packages. D. To confirm the company's innovation spirit.
（2）What does Paul Mackie mean by his words in paragraph 2? A. Retail sales in the U.S. increased fast.
B. Deliveries stay steady in all crowded city centers.
C. Regardless of robot deliveries, traffic jams will remain the same. D. Robot can help ease the traffic pressure.
（3）What can robots delivery bring to the city? A. Block bike lanes and crosswalks.
B. Relieve urban traffic as well as save delivery costs. C. Increase danger to pedestrians. D. Lead to traffic jams.
（4）Which word can best describe the future of the robot delivery?
A. Uncertain. B. Hopeless. C. Promising. D. Unacceptable. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了亚马逊引进送货机器人以帮助缓解交通压力，节约配送成本。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything.”可知，随着越来越多的城市居民希望几乎所有东西都能立即或按计划交付，这些服务越来越有吸引力，从而可以推断出，亚马逊要引入送货机器人其目的是以满足日益增长的包裹投递需求。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams ”Paul Mackie认为，在所有拥挤的市中心，快递呈上升趋势，如果城市和州领导人不开始考虑机器人快递等创造性的解决方案，我们可能会面临更严重的交通堵塞。可知，机器人可以帮助缓解交通压力。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm.和But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars”可知，机器人送货缓解城市交通，节约配送成本。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated. ”从长远来看，未来几年使用自动送货车的公司最终可能节省数十亿美元，可以推断，送货机器人有广泛的前景。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
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